IDENTICAL DIFFERENCES

Something to ponder on:

Identity is viewed in non-essentialist terms as a construct, and because constructs only produce meaning through the interplay of differences inside a "system of distinct signs".

In philosophy, non-essentialism is the belief that any given entity or subject cannot be propositionally defined in terms of specified values or characteristics, which that entity must have in order to be defined as that entity. For example, some humanists may have an idea of what the essence of being human is: there are specific traits which make something human.

A non-essentialist theory of humanity would believe that there are no essences or traits that make something human (for example, Sartre's theory of existence preceding essence).

This view is somewhat problematic, however, as an entity not defined by any specific values or characteristics may lack any meaningful existence to an observer. Since entities in the real world are defined by their observers in some way, and in terms of characteristics, it would be impossible for a non-essential entity to be found in the real world, though this does not imply that they could not exist in the real world.

A non-essentialist would argue otherwise though, that it is impossible to find anything that has only its essential characteristics, that since every thing is a particular, that which is accidental is just as important to the particular as what is essential.

Non- essentialism can also be related to culture: that a person of a culture does not possess all of the traits that are labeled with it. An essentialist view on a culture can lead to racism.

Essentialism is the view that, for any specific entity (such as an animal, a group of people, a physical object, a concept), there is a set of attributes which are necessary to its identity and function. In Western thought the concept is found as early as the work of Plato and Aristotle: Platonic idealism is the earliest known theory of how all known things and concepts have an essential reality behind them (an “Idea” or “Form”), an essence that makes those things and concepts what they are. Aristotle's Categories  proposes that all objects are the objects they are by virtue of their substance, that the substance makes the object what it is. The essential qualities of an object, so George Lakoff summarizes Aristotle's highly influential view, are "those properties that make the thing what it is, and without which it would be not that kind of thing".