WRITING SYSTEMS

There are many different approaches to writing:

This from the Omniglot website:

Writing is a method of representing language in visual or tactile form. Writing systems use sets of symbols to represent the sounds of speech, and may also have symbols for such things as punctuation and numerals.

Definitions of writing systems:

Here are a number of ways to define writing systems:

‘a system of more or less permanent marks used to represent an utterance in such a way that it can be recovered more or less exactly without the intervention of the utterer.’

From The World's Writing Systems

‘a set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of language in a systematic way, with the purpose of recording messages which can be retrieved by everyone who knows the language in question and the rules by virtue of which its units are encoded in the writing system.’

From The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Writings Systems

All writing systems use visible signs with the exception of the raised notation systems used by blind and visually impaired people, such as Braille and Moon. Hence the need to include tactile signs in the above definition.

In A History of Writing, Steven Roger Fischer argues that no one definition of writing can cover all the writing systems that exist and have ever existed. Instead he states that a 'complete writing' system should fulfil all the following criteria:

•    it must have as its purpose communication;

•    it must consist of artificial graphic marks on a durable or electronic surface;

•    it must use marks that relate conventionally to articulate speech (the systematic arrangement of significant vocal sounds) or electronic programing in such a way that communication is achieved.

Writing systems are both functional, providing a visual way to represent language, and also symbolic, in that they represent cultures and peoples. In The writing systems of the world, Florian Coulmas describes them as follows:

As the most visible items of a language, scripts and orthographies are 'emotionally loaded', indicating as they do group loyalties and identities. Rather than being mere instruments of a practical nature, they are symbolic systems of great social significance which may, moreover, have profound effect on the social structure of a speech community.

Types of writing system:

Writing systems can be divided into two main types: those that represent consonants and vowels (alphabets), and those which represent syllables (syllabaries), though some do both. There are a number of subdivisions of each type, and there are different classifications of writing systems in different sources.

•    Abjads / Consonant Alphabets

•    Alphabets

•    Syllabic Alphabets / Abugidas

•    Syllabaries

•    Semanto-phonetic writing systems

•    Undeciphered writing systems

Differences between writing and speech:

Written and spoken language differ in many ways. However some forms of writing are closer to speech than others, and vice versa. Below are some of the ways in which these two forms of language differ:

•    Writing is usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been printed/written out. 
Speech is usually transient, unless recorded, and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances as they go along.

•    A written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular language and writing system is still understood. 
Speech is usually used for immediate interactions.

•    Written language tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and many subordinate clauses. The punctuation and layout of written texts also have no spoken equivalent. However some forms of written language, such as instant messages and email, are closer to spoken language. 
Spoken language tends to be full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions, with the exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms of speech, such as news reports and scripts for plays and films.

•    Writers receive no immediate feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication. Therefore they cannot rely on context to clarify things so there is more need to explain things clearly and unambiguously than in speech, except in written correspondence between people who know one another well. 
Speech is usually a dynamic interaction between two or more people. Context and shared knowledge play a major role, so it is possible to leave much unsaid or indirectly implied.

•    Writers can make use of punctuation, headings, layout, colours and other graphical effects in their written texts. Such things are not available in speech 
Speech can use timing, tone, volume, and timbre to add emotional context.

•    Written material can be read repeatedly and closely analysed, and notes can be made on the writing surface. Only recorded speech can be used in this way.

•    Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing, as are some kinds of vocabulary, such as some complex chemical and legal terms. 
Some types of vocabulary are used only or mainly in speech. These include slang expressions, and tags like y'know, like, etc.